A portion of the
SMAP survey area in Mani, Lakonia
In May-June 2026, under the
auspices of the Ephorate of Antiquities of Lakonia, with a permit through the
Canadian Institute in Greece, the Southern Mani Archaeological Project (SMAP),
directed by Drs. Chelsea Gardner (Acadia University) and William Parkinson
(Field Museum / University of Illinois at Chicago), conducted pedestrian field
survey in the southernmost portion of the Mani peninsula. The following is a
blog post written by SMAP student participants Eliese Dziak, Cameryn Gateman,
and Megan Earley.
2026 Season in Southern Mani
The 2026 field season marked the second survey
season of the
Southern Mani Archaeological Project (SMAP), and the first season under a new,
5-year permit. Directed by Dr. Chelsea Gardner (Acadia University) and Dr.
William Parkinson (Field Museum of Natural History and the University of
Illinois Chicago), the Southern Mani Archaeological Project is conducted under
the auspices of the Ephorate of Antiquities in Lakonia and the Canadian Institute
in Greece. The project brought together an international team of researchers
and students from institutions across Canada, the United States, Greece,
Germany, and France.
SMAP survey team
during the first week of the 2026 field season
Our team of 21 gathered in Mani, Lakonia, from
May-June 2026 to begin work. In addition to the two project directors, the team
included Dr. Rebecca Seifried (University of Massachusetts-Amherst), GIS and
database director; Dr. Shannon Dunn (University of Edinburgh), lab director;
Dr. Mo Snyder (Acadia University), geologist; regional specialists Dr. Katerina
Ragkou (Phillips University of Marburg), Dr. Anastasia Papathenasiou (Greek
Ministry of Culture), Dr. Sarah Murray (University of Toronto), PhD candidate
Adam Wiznura (University of Groningen); aerial imaging experts Dr. Simon Oiry
(Université Nantes), Dr. Laurent Barillé (Université Nantes), Philippe Rosa
(Université Nantes); and nine student assistants, Cameron Barnard (University
of Waterloo), Gabe Davis (University of Illinois Chicago), Eliese Dziak
(University of Illinois Chicago), Megan Earley (Acadia University), Cameryn
Gateman (Trent University), Oliver Godelie (Acadia University), Aydaen
Markowski (Conservation Corps New Mexico), Ifigenia Paschali (National
Technical University of Athens), and Christos Zigoumis (Carleton University).

SMAP 2026 team photo
at the Hotel Panorama
The goal of the project is to gain a better
understanding of the interactions involving the communities of the area and the
wider Eastern Mediterranean throughout history and to develop a
diachronic and multi-temporal understanding of this dynamic region of Lakonia.
Building off the pilot research we conducted in Porto Kagio bay in 2025-2026,
this year our team conducted intensive pedestrian survey across the Matapan
peninsula, integrating geological investigation, GIS mapping, drone-based
photogrammetry, LiDAR, and in-field analysis of archaeological materials. We
managed to cover approximately 1.7 sq km or 5.7% of our total permitted survey
area! Survey teams systematically documented archaeological material visible on
the ground surface while recording a wide range of cultural and landscape
features, including agricultural terraces, cisterns, towers, quarries, lime kilns
and settlement remains.
Despite the peninsula’s rugged terrain,
characterized by steep slopes and dense vegetation, the 2026 season produced
significant new data that will contribute to our understanding of settlement
patterns, resource exploitation, and agricultural practices.
SMAP survey and lab
team members on the last day of survey
Fieldwork
Fueled by a breakfast from our amazing hosts
at the Hotel Panorama, our field and lab teams hit the road between 7:00-8:00
AM each morning to go to the day’s location(s) and try to beat the heat. The
beautiful drive was often punctuated by local traffic of sunbathing dogs, herds
of sheep/goats, car karaoke, and an unabating excitement that comes from the
joy of working in such a historically rich and vibrant place. Upon reaching our
destination and conducting our daily safety and wellness checks, we separated
into lab and survey teams. Unlike excavation, pedestrian survey examines the
broader archaeological landscape rather than only focusing on a single site.
Surveyors systematically walk across the terrain, recording visible
archaeological material and cultural features to better understand long term
patterns of human activity within the region. Units were defined in the field
based on the terrain and visibility of the area; some areas were unsurveyable
due to heavy vegetation, construction, or slopes greater than 30 degrees.

(Left) Student
assistants Ifigenia Paschali (front left) and Cameron Barnard (front right)
conducting in-field lab analysis under guidance of Shannon Dunn (back left) and
Adam Wiznura (back right). (Right) From left to right, student assistants
Cameryn Gateman, Eliese Dziak, and Oliver Godelie measure a cistern with
guidance from William Parkinson
In compliance with our permit, we conducted
much of our lab work at our field locations. This is different from typical
archaeological lab work where all finds are brought back to a controlled
environment for analysis. Armed with all the essential field lab equipment
(camera, notebook, scale bar, iPad, shower curtain, and a blue pirate bucket),
under the direction of Shannon Dunn we developed a systematic way to document
all of our material finds in the area they were found. The survey teams bagged
and recorded their finds by unit and left them in the field for the lab team to
conduct their analyses. The lab team categorized, photographed, and recorded
all material in our databases before returning the finds to their original
context. This meant that most days we were analyzing hundreds of materials
(mostly ceramic and tile) in the field! In select cases, we were granted
permission by the Ephorate of Antiquities to collect and analyze in a more
formal lab setting. From this huge undertaking we gleaned valuable information
regarding the interactions in the region and learned much about what it takes
to have a mobile lab unit in the field.

(Left) Portion of
terraces surveyed. (Right) From left to right, Katerina Ragkou, Shannon Dunn,
and Adam Wiznura conducting in-field lab analysis
Gabe Davis (left)
and Shannon Dunn (right) measuring a lime kiln discovered during survey
Landscape
The landscape posed unique challenges to our
brave SMAP surveyors! From mountains, to beaches, and maquis forests, we
traversed it all this summer. Slips, trips, and falls were common hazards encountered
by all, but morale remained high as ankles stayed intact and humour always
overrode pride. Of the 390 field units recorded this season, two-thirds of them
had 25% or less visibility. Scrub and spiny broom were the most frequent
culprits, followed by other types of surface vegetation, all of which ranged in
height from ankle- to waist-high. The majority of the units surveyed contained
intact and dilapidated terraces, and/or unmodified slopes with compact soil,
bedrock, or rubble. Despite some of the challenges, traversing this beautiful
landscape was well worth the effort.
Aydaen Markowski
(left) and Rebecca Seifried (right) measuring structure walls engulfed in
vegetation
Notable Discoveries
A sudden yell by a student on a remote
mountain is generally cause for concern, but for us this meant excitement as we
had stumbled across something significant. Throughout the 2026 season, SMAP
surveyors documented a diverse range of archaeological remains, including
pottery scatters, architectural blocks, agricultural terraces, cisterns,
towers, quarries and lime kilns! The majority of materials found fell into the
category of ceramics or tile fragments but there were a few small finds that
were collected with the permission of the local archaeological service. The
items collected include six (!) loom weights, one coin, two glass fragments,
one bronze sheet, and fragments of four terracotta figurines. Many of these
materials were found (with much excitement) by our student researchers! There
were also many notable features, including pre-modern structures, cisterns, and
spolia. Surprisingly, we found very few lithic remains; only three small
chipped stone fragments were found and no whole stone tools. The team found
this puzzling but we are hopefully curious for more to be uncovered in the
following seasons!
There were also several interesting structures
uncovered. With only a few days left of survey we discovered foundation stones
and a high concentration of ceramic materials on top of a mountain. The
seemingly unusual configuration and makeup of the structural remains drew the
intrigue of our team. After clearing the vegetation immediately surrounding the
structure we were able to get a better idea of its layout but are still unsure
on the function. The ceramics at this location appear to date to the
Hellenistic, further study is needed on both the materials and structural
remains however for a definitive date and site function.
(Left) Discovered
figurine heads. (Right) One of the six loom weights found
We also cleared a series of circular
architectural features discovered during the survey. After some initial
confusion, further research coupled with the clearing of the vegetation showed
that these were saltpans, used for drying and collecting salt - an important
economic driver in the region! The entire area was not able to be cleared due
to a chukar bird nest in the surrounding vegetation (it should be known that
SMAP will always break/brake for wildlife!).
Aerial view orthomosaic (left) and
scaled plan (right) of the salt pans in Site 022 (Matapan - Katergo - Salt
Pans)
Photogrammetry
SMAP took to the skies this season as we were
joined by Dr. Laurent Barillé, Dr. Simon Oiry, and Philippe Rosa, a team of
aerial imaging experts from the Université Nantes in France, to capture some of
the unique features we came across. They used drone LiDAR and photogrammetry to
further map and document some areas of interest; by conducting different
resolution flights to create a detailed 3D map of the areas. From this process
we received high resolution mapping of several quarries and of the structure
“Frankoklisi”. Photogrammetry like this is extremely beneficial for the
documentation and further study of buildings, architectural members, and
landscape because it provides additional data that further contextualizes our
finds in the region allowing us to gain insights that we otherwise may not
have!
(Left) Drone flight.
(Right) Dr. Simon Oiry (left), Philippe Rosa (middle) and Dr. Laurent Barillé
(right) preparing drone for flight and recording
Drone photograph of Frankoklisi
after vegetation cleaning
Geology
The geology team from Acadia
University (Dr. Mo Snyder and Honours student Megan Earley) continued upon last
season’s field work, exploring coloured marble and limestone outcrops of the
Southern Mani Peninsula. Samples were taken at various sites in Matapan,
including samples from red, green, black, and white marble outcrops.
(Left) Dr. Chelsea Gardner at the
black marble quarry. (Right) Dr. Mo Snyder at a white marble outcrop
This year, the geology team noted
regional faults and brecciated material observed alongside coloured marbles and
limestones. With the help of the SMAP archaeology team, it was identified that
a series of faults, running through the white marble outcrop at Tainaron,
travelled directly underneath the historic temple of Poseidon. While the
geology team identified the structural features, the archaeology team connected
the dots between Poseidon and his association with earthquakes. This unique
observation highlighted the uses of working in a multidisciplinary team to
piece together records of human activity on and within the natural landscape.
(Left) Breccia containing clasts
of previously brecciated material, a helpful tool for understanding the
geologic history of the area. (Right) Megan preparing to measure the
orientation of the white marble at Tainaron
Back at the Acadia Petrographic
Laboratory, rock samples from the current and previous field season are being
processed for research purposes and for the archival collection at the Field
Museum in Chicago, Illinois. Samples include representative material from each
of the coloured-stone quarries, brecciated material from adjacent and nearby
formations, unconsolidated material, and gastropod fossils.
Samples of white (upper left), red
(upper right), green (lower left), and black (lower right) marbles back in the
lab at Acadia University
Looking Ahead
The 2026 field season demonstrated how much
the landscape of Matapan and southern Mani can reveal when archaeological
survey is combined with geological investigation, material analysis, GIS,
LiDAR, and photogrammetry. Across steep slopes, dense vegetation, terraces,
coastlines, and mountain ridges, the team documented new evidence for
settlement, agriculture, water management, craft production, quarrying, and the
use of local resources through time. These discoveries provide important new
points of reference for understanding how communities in southern Mani shaped,
occupied, and moved through this landscape while remaining connected to the
wider eastern Mediterranean.
Although the walking has ended, the work of
the season continues. Ceramic analysis, spatial interpretation, geological
research, and the processing of aerial imagery will further refine our
understanding of the features and materials recorded in the field. The results
of this work will guide future survey seasons and help determine where more
focused investigation may be most productive.
Most importantly, the season reflected the
collaborative nature of archaeological research. Students, specialists, project
directors, local communities, partner institutions, the Ephorate of antiquities
of Lakonia, and the Canadian Institute in Greece all contributed to the success
of the project. SMAP leaves the 2026 season with new questions, new data, and
an even stronger foundation for continuing to explore the long-term
relationship between people and the landscape in southern Mani.
The 2026 SMAP team at Hotel
Panorama in Pyrgos Dirou, Mani